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Il palmeto storico di Bordighera è attualmente oggetto di studi etnobotanici che mirano a approfondire la sua storia e a preservarne l’originalità. Lo studio in atto ha permesso di salvaguardare e riscoprire il sapere popolare, ed elaborare applicazioni pratiche che potranno essere impiegate nelle regioni di produzione da datteri. Il palmeto storico di Bordighera (Provincia Italiana di Imperia) risale al medioevo. Situato alla latitudine di 43°47N, è senza dubbio il palmeto di palme da datteri più a nord. Per la maturazione incompleta dei frutti, il palmeto storico non è finalizzato alla produzione di datteri, ma a una produzione particolare e originale, quella di foglie destinate ai rituali religiosi cristiani e ebraici:
* le foglie bianche dette ‘Romane’ per le feste cristiane legate alla Pasqua
* le foglie giovani dette ‘Ebree’ per le feste ebraiche del Soukhot.
PRESENTAZIONE
1- L’identificazione dei morfotipi italiani tradizionali
Poche le fonti storiche a riguardo della produzione di foglie per riti religiosi attestate a Bordighera e a Sanremo dopo il medioevo. Dagli antichi documenti emerge che gli ebrei usavano le giovani foglie di palma per confezionare bouquet a l’occazione delle feste delanno nuovo, mentre i cristiani le usavano a Pasqua per ottenere manufatti intrecciati. I cristiani coltivavano con cura e in maniera particolare le loro palme, per fare in modo che assumessero un aspetto chiaro, di colore bianco. Per raggiungere l’obiettivo, i coltivatori utilizzavano due tecniche di legatura delle piante, di cui è pervenuta solo una sommaria descrizione. Testimonianze religiose, invece, apportano una precisazione sulle esigenze rituali ebraiche: la fogliola terminale all’apice del rachide non doveva essere tagliate
Le testimonianze raccolte presso gli ultimi coltivatori hanno confermato e arricchito la documentazione storica. Gli stessi avevano elaborato una serie di discriminanti tra le le palme suscettibili di produrre le foglie destinate alle due religioni. Le fonti storiche non menzionano questa tradizione popolare. La distinzione a cui si riferiscono i coltivatori nasce dalla necessità di ‘economizzare’ le operazioni di risalita sulla palma, operazioni lunghe, faticose e oltretutto pericolose. La distinzione veniva stabilita in base all’osservazione delle foglie, soprattutto la parte terminale, e il portamento della pianta. Ad esempio: la foglia ‘Ebrea’ è più piccola e con fogliole più larghe e rade, mentre l’estremità apicale è più compata e arrotondata. Molto evidente il portamento eretto. La foglia ‘Romana’, invece, è più lunga e arcuata, le fogliole sono più ravvicinate, mentre all’estremità sono più rade e appuntite. Il portamento è ricurvo.
2- Ricerca della caratterizzazione dei morfotipi
In fine di sappere se la distinzione popolare tra palme Ebree e Cristiane corrisponde a un dimorfismo fissato geneticamente, o se si tratta di forme particolari nell’ambito della popolazione, la ricerca si è sviluppata in due fasi:
– un’analisi filogenetica preliminare svolta su 10 individui
– uno studio sulla distinzione tradizionale tra palme ‘Ebree’ e ‘Cristiane’ attraverso l’applicazione della morfometria geometrica degli apici fogliari.
L’analisi genetica preliminare non ha rilevato alcuna correlazione tra genotipi e fenotipi. Due quindi le ipotesi possibili per spiegare la distinzione popolare: 1) l’esistenza di una differenza drastica tra i due tipi Ebrea e Romana, spia dell’espressione di un carattere monogenetico con un allele dominante e uno recessivo. Tale dimorfismo dovrebbe mantenersi nella popolazione riprodotta che si è riprodotta nel corso dei secoli in maniera sessuata con libero scambio dei geni. 2) L’esistenza di un continuum morfologico tra la forma Ebrea e Romana, dovuto a una selezione effettuata dai coltivatori che ha privilegiato la conservazione delle piante da loro utilizzate. L’esistenza di un susseguirsi di forme intermedie tra i due morfotipi significherebbe che le caratteristiche intrinseche delle foglie sono controllate da numerosi loci, o che la loro forma è fortemente influenzata dall’ambiente, il che implicherebbe una grande plasticità fenotipica.
3- Ricerca della caratterizzazione fogliare dei morfotipi
Il metodo di comparazione delle forme detto di procuste, impiegato essenzialmente in entomologia, è stato applicato allo studio degli apici foliari. Iniziato nel 2008, questo studio ha portato a due campionamenti di 50 foglie ciascuno. Il primo comprendeva un campionario di foglie raccolte a caso su palme diverse (randon), il secondo era composto per metà da foglie di palma ‘Ebrea’ e per metà di foglie ‘Romane’. L’individuazione delle palme è stata fatta sulla base di informazioni fornite dai coltivatori locali. Dodici punti omologhi (lendamarks) sono stati individuati sull’estremità delle foglie, in particolare sui primi cinque paia delle fogliole laterali all’apice e i restanti nella parte apicale e terminale del rachide corrisponde.
* Dalle analisi emerge un’importante variabilità nel campionamento di foglie raccolte casualmente, senza alcuna relazione.
* Dalla morfometria geometrica emergono due gruppi distinti e ben separati fra di loro.
Da ciò si deduce che la distinzione popolare è basata su criteri di selezione specifici di aspetti morfologici nell’ambito di un continuum di variabilità della popolazione del sito, che risponderebbe alle esigenze dei due distinti rituali religiosi.
4- Ricerca della caratterizzazione dei portamenti delle morfotipi
Il modello in 3D sviluppato dall’AMAP offre la possibilita di tenere conto del parametro relativo al portamento dei due morfotipi, eretto per la palma ebrea e ricurvo per la cristiana. Il protocollo impiegato si basa sulle tecniche della modelizzazione informatizzata, applicate all’architettura degli alberi. Ha permesso di salvaguardare quest’ultimo aspetto del saperre popolare.
TABLES
Caratterizzazione degli apex fogliare dei morfotipi 'ebrea' et 'romana'
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Modellizzazione dei morfotipi 'ebrea' et 'romana'
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Modellizzazione 3D dei morfotipi 'ebrea' et 'romana'
BIBLIO
CARO-RIANO Harling, PINTAUD Jean-Christophe, CASTELLANA Robert, LITTARDI Claudio, 2010. Évaluation des différences de forme entre palmes « juives » et « chrétiennes » à Bordighera (Italie). Une approche de morphométrie géométrique. In: Biotechnologies du palmier dattier, IRD, pp. 139-150. Link: http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/
PINTAUD Jean-Christophe, CARO-RIANO Harling, LITTARDI Claudio, CASTELLANA Robert, 2009. Evaluation de la distinction traditionnelle entre palmes ‘juives’ et ‘chrétiennes’ de la palmeraie historique de Bordighera (Italie) par une étude de morphométrie géométrique des apex foliaires. Communication présentée au colloque SMEF. Link: ART SMEF 2009 apex
ADAMS D. C., ROHLF F. J., and SLICE D. E. 2004. Geometric morphometrics: ten years of progress following the 'revolution'. In: Italian Journal of Zoology 71:5-16. Link: http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/
RICHTSMEIER Joan T., BURKE DELEON Valérie, LELE Subhash R., 2002. The Promise Of Geometric Morphometrics. In: Yearbook Of Physical Anthropology 45:63–91. Link: getahead.psu.edu/