Zone umide


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Theophrasti Golkoy Turkey

Illustrazione: il palmetto di Golkoy (Turchia) con la presenza di Phoenix theophrasti e di Arundo donax
 
La vegetazione dei valloni del Mediterraneo
Il litorale mediterraneo si distingue per la presenza di numerose zone umide, legate alla presenza di torrenti ed sorgenti legati al rilievo. Questi ecosistemi riparano un agro-biodiversita eccezionale. Arundo donax è una graminacea caratteristica di queste regioni litorali mediterranee. La sua presenza potrebbe risalire all'epoca romana, addirittura più lontano nel tempo, perché la sua origine esatta è sconosciuta. Si trova tra l'Asia tropicale ed il Mediterraneo, dove è molto presenta nella toponimia, coi luoghi detti, Cannes, Cannet, Cannaie, Canneto, Giuchetto, ecc. Si tratta peraltro di una specie invadente di cui la diffusione è verosimilmente di origine anthropica. La canna è un prodotto di grande interesse nell'agricoltura tradizionale mediterranea. Il suo habitat naturale è anche quello della palma endemica mediterranea, Phoenix theophrasti. La nostra inchiesta concerna principalmente le regioni della Costa Azzurra francese e del Riviera italiano, delle isole greche e delle coste turche, dove si trovano delle forti sopravvivenze dell'agricoltura di canneto e dell'industria legato ai suoi sottoprodotti.

DESCRIZIONE

Aurundo donax può raggiungere un'altezza che va fino a 6 m, seguendo le condizioni e le varietà.
Type d'inflorescence : panicule d'épillets
Répartition des sexes : hermaphrodite (étamines et pistil)
Type de pollinisation : anémogame (par le vent)
Période de floraison : septembre à octobre
Type de fruit : caryopse (fruit sec type des graminées)
Mode de dissémination : anémochore (par le vent)
 
Classificazione classica
Regno Plantae; Sotto-regno Tracheobionta;  Divisione Magnoliophyta; Classe Liliopsida; Sottoclasse Commelinidae; Ordine Cyperales; Famiglia Poaceae; Sottofamiglia Arundinoideae; Genere Arundo.
 
Classificazione fiylogenetica
238 taxons d’Arundo ont été décrits à ce jour. Ils sont pour le moment regroupés en trois espèces:
1) la canne de Provence, A. donax L.
2) la canne de Formose, A. formosana Hack.,  une endémique  de  Taïwan 
3) la  canne  de  Pline,  A.  plinii Turra  sensu  lato,  un taxon circum-Méditerranéen.
Des investigations sont en cours afin de rendre compte de la réalité d’un genre encore largement méconnu. Elles révèlent une grande diversité extrêmement menacée. 

 

CANNETO

Della toponimia all'agricoltura di canneto
La canna è onnipresente sul litorale mediterraneo. Si tratta in apparenza di un'erbaccia, per il fatto che non è oggetto di cure culturaux particolari così come del suo carattere invasif. L'idea dell'esistenza di un'agricoltura di canneto c'è venuti all'epoca di una ricerca in Mediterraneo orientale che cade sul toponymie. Arundo è una parola latina che designa il giunco; Donax è il suo equivalente greco. In francese, Arundo donax è chiamato Canna della Provenza.
Questa denominazione di canna è un termine semitico, che si ritrova anche in Italia, incannucciò comune, domestica, gentile o di palude, ed in Spagna, morì di Castilla e morì comun. Secondo il Dizionario dell'accademia, il termine di canneto, derivato di canna al senso di giunco, designa un luogo piantato di canne a zucchero o di giunchi, generato del XIIe secolo, canoie,; al XVIIe secolo, canneto.
Questa prima campagna di studio, condotto su alcuni uni dei siti che portano il nome della canna, ci ha rivelato le tracce di forme di culture visibilmente praticate in simbiosi coi habitat naturali di canneti. Ci siamo interessati allora agli usi agricoli ed artigianali della canna. Questi usi sono documentati abbastanza bene nelle regioni litorali della Provenza e del Ligurie. Siamo ritornati il seguente anno sui siti da Mediterraneo orientale, dove abbiamo finito per trovare dei canneti coltivati. Allo stadio attuale di questa ricerca, abbiamo identificato due mode di gestione culturale delle canne :
*Il primo tipo, più diffuso, consiste nella presenza di canne nelle zone di sodaglia, spesso dei fondi di valloni. La canna è in questo caso solamente prelevato per diversi usi.
*Il secondo tipo, più raro ma che ha dell'essere importante, costituisci l'agricoltura di canneto propriamente detto. Prende posto nelle pianure litorali situate alla foce dei torrenti o dei fiumi. La canna è qui l'elemento centrale dell'agro-sistema, come lo lasciano pensare i suoi molteplici usi agricoli che abbiamo potuto censire.
 
Tipologia degli usi agricoli della canna

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Setacci
Uno volte tagliate ed assemblee col filo di ferro, le canne permettono la preparazione di setacci, detti canisses o clèdes in Provenza, paillasoun in Ligurie. Servono a proteggere del sole le culture o il bestiame ed anche a fare asciugare diversi frutti, come i pomodori, dei funghi, o ancora pesci. La preparazione della canna si fa in tre tappe: il taglio, l'asciugatura che dura parecchi mesi, e l'écorçage che si usa con l'aiuto di un écorçoir.
Allevamento
I giovani germogli costituiscono un abbastanza buono foraggio per il bestiame. Il canneto ripara così un importante bestiame al quale serve anche di riparo.
Siepi
Gli agricoltori si servono della canna sotto forma di siepi vive, chiamate baragnes in Provenza, per delimitare i campi e soprattutto per proteggerli contro il vento ed il sole. Le canne servono anche a stabilizzare le rive contro l'erosione, o le dune litorali.
Tutori
I gambi di canna servono di tutori per gli ortaggi, pomodori o fagioli per esempio. Sono spesso assemblee in fasci a questo effetto.

 

ARTISANAT

La canne est employée à un grand nombre d’usages, dont certains ont donné lieu à un artisanat important, lequel perdure pour une part de nos jours, parfois même de manière industrielle. Ces usages font appel à des savoir-faire en matière de préparation de la canne et de choix des variétés les plus appropriées.
 
Typologie des usages artisanaux de la canne

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Calames
La canne est employée depuis l'Antiquité dans la confection de calames, de nos jours à destination de l'art de la calligraphie. La largeur du bec va de 5 à à 18 mm.
Cannes à pêche
L’usage d’Arundo donax pour la confection de cannes à pêche est largement attesté jusqu'à une date récente dans l'ensemble du bassin méditerranéen.
Combustible
Du fait de sa croissance extrèmement rapide, et de sa présence dans des zones pauvres en ressources ligneuses, la canne a toujours été utilisée comme combustible. Elle fait aujourd’hui l’objet d'études industrielles, destinées à son emploi dans les centrales électriques. Il s'agit en effet d'une énergie renouvelable et objet d'une culture naturelle. De plus, elle absorbe lors du cycle de photosynthèse une quantité de CO2 équivalente à celle produite lors de sa combustion, laquelle émet peu de gaz polluants.
Flèches et sagaies
L'usage de certaines variétés de cannes pour la fabricatin de flèches remonte au moins à l'Antiquité romaine. Il fait toujours l'objet de productions artisanales.
Habitat
Les cannisses servaient traditionnellement à la confection des plafonds des maisons. Elles étaient pour cela fendues en deux, puis assemblées à l'aide de fil de fer.
Momification
Les feuilles de cannes semblent avoir servi aux Egyptiens dans le processus complexe de la momification.
Musique
L’emploi de la canne comme instrument de musique remonte à l’Antiquité, avec la confection des flutes et des claquoirs. Originaire d'Asie centrale, le ney, une flûte oblique à embouchure en roseau typique de la musique orientale, est déjà représentée sur des fresques funéraires égyptiennes au 2ème millénaire av. J.-C. Arundo donax fournit de nos jours les meilleures anches de clarinette, saxophone, basson, hautbois, biniou breton, launeddas sarde, cornemuse, bombarde ou chalumeau. Cet artisanat d'art a démarré dans les années 1920 aux Etats-Unis. Il  repose sur les cultures pratiquées en Provence, où l’on recense 3 principales régions de production :
– la côte entre St Raphaël et St Tropez, pour le type "Fréjus",
– la région allant de Cuers à Grimaud, pour le type "Cogolin" Cogolin,
– le littoral de St Cyr sur Mer au Lavandou, pour le type "Hyères".
Pâte à papier
Du fait de sa rapidité de croissance, la canne fait actuellement l’objet d'études en vue de la confection de pâte à papier.
Pipes
Les adolescents fabriquaient autrefois des pipes avec les cannes de Provence, pipes qu'ils bourraient avec des feuilles d'armoise séchée.
Vannerie
Les cannes sont encore utilisées pour la fabrication d'emballages et de paniers (nommés banastes en Provence).

 

BIBLIO

PILU Roberto, MANCA Antonella, LANDONI Michela 2013. Arundo donax as an energy crop. Pros and cons of the utilization of this perennial plant. In : Maydica 58-2013 (54-59). Link : http://www.maydica.org/
HARDION Laurent, VERLAQUE Régine, BAUMEL Alex, CALAMANDER Martin W. & VILA Bruno 2012. Arundo micrantha Lam. (Poaceae), the correct name for Arundo mauritanica Desf. and Arundo mediterranea Danin. In Candollea 67 (131-135). Link : http://www.ville-ge.ch/
HARDION Laurent, VERLAQUE Régine, BAUMEL Alex, JUIN Marianick & VILA Bruno 2012. Revised systematics of Mediterranean Arundo (Poaceae) based on AFLP fingerprints and morphology. In TAXON 61 (6) December 2012 1217–1226. Link : http://www.actaplantarum.org/
PILU Roberto, BUCCI Andrea, CERINO-BADONE Francesco and LANDONI Michela 2012. Giant reed (Arundo donax L.). A weed plant or a promisin genergy crop? In : African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(38), pp. 9163-9174. Link : http://www.academicjournals.org/
DANIN, A. & NAENNY, W. 2008. Contribution to the recognition of reeds by their rhizome anatomy. Fl. Medit. 18: 385–392. Link : http://www.herbmedit.org/
DANIN, A. 2004. Arundo (Gramineae) in the Mediterranean reconsidered. Willdenowia 34: 361–369. Link : http://www.bgbm.org/

HAMMADA Soumaya, DAKKI Mahamed, IBN-TATTOU Mohamed, OUYAHYA Aïcha & FENNANE Mohamed 2004. Analyse de la biodiversité floristique des zones humides du Maroc. Flore rare, menacée et halophile. In Acta Botanica Malacitana 29: 43-66, Málaga, 2004. Link : http://www.biolveg.uma.es/

DANIN, A., RAUS, T. & SCHOLZ, H. 2002. Contribution to the Flora of Greece: A new species of Arundo (Poaceae). Willdenowia 32: 191–194. Link : http://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/

 
 

 

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