Cristiani


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Egypte fresque monastiqueIllustrazione: decorazione di un cella della Tebaida
 
Le palme sono onnipresenti nell’iconografia cristiana, dall'architettura delle chiese alla loro decorazione, soprattutto come attributo dei martiri cristiani e dei santi orientali. Possiede indubbiamente, da questo punto di vista, una dimensione molto esotica: quella di un emblema della Terra Santa. Con l'affermazione del cristianesimo, l'imagina della palma conosce un'ampia diffusione in tutta l'Europa. Assume anche un'altro aspetto relativo alle celebrazioni festive della Settimana Santa.

PRESENTAZIONE

EVANGELO
La palma è presente nella storia sacra, in termini similare alla tradizione funeraria egiziana ed alla leggenda della nascita di Apollo a Delo. Risalente alla fine del VI o all'inizio del VII secolo, il racconto del Vangelo apocrifo dell'infanzia, dello Pseudo-Matteo, riporta che Maria, soffrando di stanchezza, fame e sete si siede all'ombra di una palma. Como l'albero è troppo alto per per raggiungere i frutti, Gesù gli disse, "Albero, magro infiche che mia madre rinfrescato i tuoi frutti." A queste parole la palma si appoggia ai piedi di Maria raccogliendo le sue date. Allora Gesù disse: "Lasciate che la vostra primavera radici dalla sorgente che è sepolto e l'acqua scorre come noi vogliamo." Poi la palma sorge tra le radici e comincia a fluire come una fonte di acqua fresca e pura. Dal IX secolo, il miracolo della palma e la fonte fa parte dei motivi iconografici tradizionali associati con la fuga in Egitto.
 
MONACHESIMO
L'introduzione della palma in occidente è direttamente legata alle origini orientali del cristianesimo, con il monachesimo, che si sviluppò principalmente nelle oasi dell’Egitto. Nelle decorazioni delle celle dei monasteri, i loro frutti nutrono gli eremiti, come nel caso di Onofrio, rappresentato accanto alla palma che, pare, abbia garantito la sua sussistenza. Le palme servono anche ai monaci per fabbricare stuoie, canestri, sandali e abiti. I monaci cristiani sono all'origine dell'evangelizzazione dell'Europa, in particolare con l'insediamenito di eremi sulla costa ligure: Sant'Ampelio a Bordighera e Sant'Onorato a Cannes, sull'isola di Lérins. Le leggende relative a questi due importanti monasteri alludono esplicitamente, del resto, alla presenza della palma. 
 
MARTIRI  & PALM SUNDAY 
Le rappresentazioni dei martiri cristiani evocano le tradizioni emblematiche pagane delle palme, come tributo della nuova fede. Simboleggiano, nel contempo, la morte del santo e la sua ricompensa celeste, ma segnalano anche l'origine orientale dei primi discepoli di Cristo. Le rappresentazioni della Passione del Cristo sranno in seguite inaugurate dall'ufficiatura delle palme, che apre la Settimana Santa. Commemorando l'entrata trionfale del Cristo a Gerusalemme, rami di olivo e foglie intrecciate sono benedetti dal sacerdote e portati in processione nelle vie. Queste tradizione hanno contribuito all’introduzione della palma in Europa, con la fundazione del palmeto di Elche (Spagna) e poi di Bordighera (Italia), destinati tuti i due alla produzione di foglie di palme per le commemorazione del PalmSunday.

 

BIBLIO

CASTELLANA R. 1995.  Il Fuoco dei Giudei, Feu des Juifs ou Feu de Judas?  In: Feu profane, Feu Sacré, Catalogue de l'exposition du Musée des Arts et Traditions  Populaires  de  Provence,  Draguignan,  MATP  &  Université  de  Nice,  1995,  pp. 152-160. Edition révisée et enrichie d’illustrations inédites.  Link: castellana_1995.
COQUIN R.G. 1981. Conférence de M. René-Georges Coquin sur le 'Récit de Papnoute', consacré à la vie de l’ermite égyptien Onophrios, In École pratique des hautes études, Section des sciences religieuses. Annuaire. Tome 90, 1981-1982. 1981. pp. 343-348. Link : http://www.persee.fr/web/
BONCOURT A., Freddy  RAPHAËL, 1978. Le  Feu  du  Samedi  Saint  en  Alsace. In: Revue des Sciences Sociales de la France de l'Est, Strasbourg, 1978, no7, pp. 12-23.  Link : http://judaisme.sdv.fr/
TARDIEU M. 1973. Pour un phénix gnostique, In Revue de l'histoire des religions, tome 183 n°2, 1973. pp. 117-142. Link : http://www.persee.fr/web/

 

GALLERY

MARIA E IL MIRACOLO DELLA PALMA

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